Blended Learning in Higher Education: Frameworks, Principles, and Guidelines
Garrison & Vaughan (2007
http://www.josseybass.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-0787987700.html
Social Presence
- Open communication - enabling risk-free expression
- Group cohesion - encouraging collaboration
- Affective/personal – expressing emotions, camaraderie
Cognitive Presence
- Triggering event - having sense of puzzlement
- Exploration - exchanging information
- Integration - connecting ideas
- Resolution - applying new ideas
Teaching Presence
- Design and organization - setting curriculum and methods
- Facilitation of discourse - sharing personal meaning
- Direct instruction - focusing discussion
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